Diseño y puesta a punto de un método cefalométrico en 3D para el estudio de la población ortodóncica

Introducción: La introducción de la tomografía computarizada de haz cónico (CBCT) y su aplicación clínica a la imagen craneofacial tridimensional (3D) supone una herramienta diagnóstica esencial para el clínico. Objetivos: 1-Evaluar la reproducibilidad en la localización de puntos cefalométricos pertenecientes a tejidos duros del cráneo sobre imágenes escaneadas con un equipo CBCT 2-Comprobar si los valores de diferentes mediciones de las reconstrucciones 3D del CBCT se pueden comparar a las mediciones realizadas sobre imágenes 2D de la telerradiografía lateral de cráneo y comparar también si existen diferencias entre dos tipos diferentes de software de CBCT. 3-Diseñar un método cefalométrico 3D y determinar tres planos de referencia en cada uno de los ejes del espacio. Aplicar dicho análisis sobre una muestra de pacientes a los que se les ha realizado un CBCT. Material y Método: Se recogió una muestra global de 90 pacientes que tenían realizado un CBCT i-Cat®. 1-Para hallar la reproducibilidad, 15 CBCTs fueron seleccionados. Dos observadores localizaron 41 puntos en 3 ocasiones con el software NemoCeph 3D®. Se calcularon los Coeficientes de Correlación Intraclase (ICC) intra e interexaminador y se hallaron los errores de localización y asociados al método de medida de cada uno de los puntos. 2-Se seleccionaron 8 casos que tenían realizado además del CBCT, una telerradiografía lateral de cráneo convencional. Las telerradiografías se tomaron con el cefalostato Orthophos Plus DS® y se evaluaron con el software Dental Studio NX®, mientras que las reconstrucciones 3D (CBCT) se evaluaron con dos software diferentes, NemoCeph 3D® e InVivo5®. Un observador midió en dos ocasiones 10 medidas angulares y 3 lineales en cada uno de los registros, hallándose las correlaciones entre los tres tipos de métodos. 3-Se diseñó una cefalometría 3D y se empleó la muestra de los 90 CBCT para hallar los valores cefalométricos descriptivos de cada una de las variables creadas en cada una de las áreas de estudio: patrón facial, clase esquelética, relación maxilo-mandibular, medidas transversales, asimetrías, proporción facial y análisis dentoalveolar; mediante el cálculo de medias y desviaciones típicas, así como correlaciones de las diferentes variables entre sí y en función de la edad y del sexo. Resultados: 1-La reproducibilidad en la localización de los puntos cefalométricos para todos los ejes fue elevada (ICC ≥0.9) en las medidas intraobservador e interobservador. Analizando cada uno de los puntos por separado se encontró que el valor promedio de su desviación típica en todos los ejes fue igual a 1.0 mm. 2-No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para ninguna de las medidas entre la telerradiografía lateral de cráneo y los CBCT, siendo los niveles de significación para todas las mediciones ICC>0.65. 3-Se ha creado un plano vertical de referencia (Na, S, Ba) así como diversos planos auxiliares y medidas lineales. Se han establecido las medias y desviaciones típicas de cada una de las variables del análisis 3D estudiadas, estableciendo así mismo diferentes correlaciones que nos sirven para la posterior creación de una base de datos. Conclusiones: 1-Se encontró elevada reproducibilidad en la localización de todos los puntos cefalométricos. Los puntos nasion, silla, basion, suturas frontocigomáticas, puntos anteriores de la rama, primer molar superior izquierdo e incisivo superior se pueden considerar como puntos altamente reproducibles para poder ser empleados en los análisis cefalométricos tridimensionales. 2-Es posible emplear la mayor parte de los valores establecidos en 2D para las mediciones 3D. Así mismo, las mediciones 3D no difieren entre NemoCeph 3D e InVivo5®, pudiéndose realizar las mediciones indistintamente en cualquiera de los dos software. 3-Se ha diseñado un método cefalométrico tridimensional dividido por áreas de interés que puede servir como punto de partida para la evaluación y medición de las características craneofaciales de todos aquellos pacientes que precisen como registro diagnóstico un CBCT. PALABRAS CLAVE: tomografía computarizada de haz cónico, CBCT, reproducibilidad; plano de referencia; análisis cefalométrico 3D.Introduction: Cone Beam Computerized Tomography (CBCT) allows the possibility of modifying some of the diagnostic tools used in orthodontics, such as cephalometry. The aims were 1-To assess intra and inter-observer reliability in the location of anatomical landmarks belonging to hard tissues of the skull in images taken with a CBCT device, 2-To assess whether the values of different measurements taken on 3D reconstructions from CBCT are comparable with those taken on 2D images from conventional lateral cephalometric radiographs (LCR) 3-To introduce planes of reference and create a cephalometric analysis appropriated to the 3D reality. Study design: 90 patients who had a CBCT (i-Cat®) as a diagnostic register were selected. 1-To assess the reproducibility 15 CBCT were analysed. 41 landmarks were defined on the three spatial axes (X,Y,Z) and located by two observers at different times with the NemoCeph 3D® software. 2-To compare 13 measurements between LCR (Orthophos Plus DS®) and CBCT, 8 patients who had both registers were selected. Measurements were done with softwares Dental Studio NX® (LCR), NemoCeph 3D® (CBCT) e InVivo5® (CBCT). 3-To create and evaluate three spatial planes and a 3D analysis divided in different areas of interest, the 90 CBCT were selected. Results: 1- Intra- and inter-examiner reliability was high, both being ICC ≥ 0.99, with the best frequency on axis Z. 2- No statistically significant differences were found for the angular and linear measurements between the LCR and the CBCTs for any measurement being the correlation levels ICC<0.65. 3- Mean values, standard deviations and correlations of each one of the measurements defined on the 3D analysis were evaluated for all patients. Conclusions: 1-High reliability was found for all the landmarks. The most reliable ones were: Nasion, Sella, Basion, left Porion, point A, anterior nasal spine, Pogonion, Gnathion, Menton, frontozygomatic sutures, first lower molars and upper and lower incisors. 2-No statistically significant differences were found between measurements taken on the LCR and CBCT and in those taken between the two CBCTs. 3-A new 3D analysis has been created and can be applied to measure and evaluate those patients who require a CBCT as a diagnostic register. Keywords: Cone Beam Computed Tomography, 3D cephalometry, landmark, orthodontics, reliability

A new 3D method for measuring cranio-facial relationships with cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)

Objectives: CBCT systems, with their high precision 3D reconstructions, 1:1 images and accuracy in locating cephalometric landmarks, allows us to evaluate measurements from craniofacial structures, so enabling us to replace the anthropometric methods or bidimensional methods used until now. The aims are to analyse cranio-facial relationships in a sample of patients who had previously undergone a CBCT and create a new 3D cephalometric method for assessing and measuring patients. Study Design: 90 patients who had a CBCT (i-Cat®) as a diagnostic register were selected. 12 cephalometric landmarks on the three spatial planes (X,Y,Z) were defined and 21 linear measurements were established. Using these measurements, 7 triangles were described and analysed. With the sides of the triangles: (CdR-Me-CdL); (FzR-Me-FzL); (GoR-N-GoL); and the Gl-Me distance, the ratios between them were analysed. In addition, 4 triangles in the mandible were measured (body: GoR-DB-Me and GoL-DB-Me and ramus: KrR-CdR-GoR and KrL-CdL-GoL). Results: When analyzing the sides of the CdR-Me-CdL triangle, it was found that the 69.33% of the patients could be considered symmetric. Regarding the ratios between the sides of the following triangles: CdR-Me-CdL, FzR-Me-FzL, GoR-N-GoL and the Gl-Me distance, it was found that almost all ratios were close to 1:1 except between the CdR-CdL side with respect the rest of the sides. With regard to the ratios of the 4 triangles of the mandible, it was found that the most symmetrical relationships were those corresponding to the sides of the body of the mandible and the most asymmetrical ones were those corresponding to the base of such triangles. Conclusions: A new method for assessing cranio-facial relationshps using CBCT has been established. It could be used for diverse purposes including diagnosis and treatment planning

Study between anb angle and wits appraisal in cone beam computed tomography (cbct)

Objectives: To analyse the ANB and Wits values and to study correlations between those two measurements and other measurements in diagnosing the anteroposterior maxilo-mandibular relationship with CBCT. Study Design: Ninety patients who had previously a CBCT (i-CAT ® ) as a diagnostic register were selected. A 3D cephalometry was designed using one software package, InVivo5 ® . This cephalometry included 3 planes of reference, 3 angle measurements and 1 linear measurement. The means and standard deviations of the mean of each measurement were assessed. After that, a Pearson's correlation coefficient has been performed to analyse the significance of each relationship. Results: When classifying the sample according to the anteroposterior relationship, the values obtained of ANB (Class I: 53%; Class II: 37%; Class III: 10%) and Wits (Class I: 35%; Class II: 56%; Class III: 9%) did not coincide, except for the Class III group. However, of the patients classified differently (Class I and Class II patients) by ANB and Wits, a high percentage of individuals (n=22; 49%), had a mesofacial pattern with a mandibular plane angle within normal values. A correlation has been found between ANB and Wits (r=0,262), occlusal plane angle and ANB (r=0,426), and mandibular plane angle and Wits (r=0,242). No correlation was found between either Wits or ANB in relation with the age of the individuals. Conclusions: ANB and Wits must be included in 3D cephalometric analyses as both are necessary to undertake a more accurate diagnosis of the maxillo-mandibular relationship of the patients

Evaluating social and gender differences in excess weight in the Iberian Peninsula: A multilevel analysis in urban settings

Obesity is a major contributor to the burden of non-communicable diseases and related disabilities (Haththotuwa et al., 2020). Many countries have experienced alarming increases in the prevalence of excess weight in the last four decades (Hruby & Hu, 2015). Globally, obesity has almost tripled from 1975 to 2016 (Haththotuwa et al., 2020), reaching epidemic proportions (Hruby & Hu, 2015). In 2016, approximately 13% of adults (11% of men and 15% of women) were obese worldwide (WHO, 2018). Several factors (social, environmental, behavioral and biological), and levels (including individual and contextual) interact to determine the burden of overweight and obesity. Given the high velocity in the increment of excess weight, studies suggested that behavioral and environmental factors have contributed much more to the epidemic than the biological factors (Stein and Colditz, 2004; Haththotuwa et al., 2020). From a macro-level perspective, economic growth, industrialization, globalization, increases in income, rapid urbanization, and the nutritional transition are among the main drivers of the rising trends in excess weight (Hruby & Hu, 2015; Malik et al., 2013). Previous studies showed a positive association between obesity and urbanization (Mendez and Popkin, 2004; Subramanian et al., 2011), and some mechanisms were proposed to explain this association. On the one hand, living in urban settings may lead to a less energy expenditure (because of less physically demanding occupations, less opportunities to exercise, and more sedentary leisure activities). On the other hand, living in cities might lead to a faster transition to the “Western” diets high in calories, fat and sugar, and low in vegetables and fruits (Popkin et al., 2012). Several factors may underly the former, such as the increased affordability of processed and high in calories foods due to rising incomes and advances in food technologies (Goryakin & Suhrcke, 2014). The nutrition transition –i.e. the process of shifts in the diet and in the physical activity patterns that result in changes in nutritional status (Popkin., 1994)- is faster in urban settings (Hawkes et al., 2017). Urban food environments with supermarkets, high density of food stores, restaurants and street sellers, facilitate the access to unhealthy and high dense calorie diets. However, the urban environment also offers considerable opportunities to access healthy food for those who can afford it (Hawkes et al., 2017). Since healthy and low dense calorie food is often more expensive than unhealthy and high dense food, the urban poor are more likely to have access to the latter (Ruel et al., 2008; Hawkes et al., 2017). Thus, living 2 in urban areas might have different impact in overweight and obesity, depending on the social position of individuals. In Europe, 53% of adults are overweight or obese (De Schutter et al., 2020; Marques et al., 2014). In line with that, in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), excess weight affects more than half of the adult population (Busutil et al., 2017; Carreira et al., 2012). Janssen et al. (2020) estimated an age standardized prevalence of obesity in adult population of 22.7% in men and 24.9% in women of Portugal, and 27.5% in men and 27.2% in women of Spain in 2016. They also projected for 2060 a decrease in the obesity prevalence and in the existing gender gap in Portugal (18% and 17.7% in men and women, respectively), but an increase in the prevalence of obesity among men in Spain as well as in the gender gap (30% for men and 27% for women). Numerousstudiessuggested thatsocial position and gender are related to the excess weight in the Iberian Peninsula (Ortíz-Moncada et al., 2011; Merino Ventosa & Urbano-Garridos, 2016; Gaio et al., 2018; Hernández-Yumar et al., 2018; García-Goñi & Hernández-Quevedo, 2012; Oliveira et al., 2018; RodríguezCaro et al., 2016; Costa-Font & Gil, 2008). In Portugal, higher prevalence of overweight and obesity were found among individuals with lower educational background and women (Gaio et al., 2018; Oliveira et al., 2018). Moreover, in Spain Rodríguez-Caro et al. (2016) showed a large and rising social gradient in obesity (especially with respect to educational attainment), more noticeable among women. However, scarce evidence exists on the effect of urban social determinants beyond individual social position on excess weight, and even less about the interplay between individual- and city-level social factors in these associations in Spanish and Portuguese cities. Thus, the aims of this study are to evaluate the association between urban social indicators and excess weight by gender in cities of the Iberian Peninsula, and to analyze to what extent these associations vary by individual education.Fil: Tumas, Natalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad; Argentina. Universitat Pompeu Fabra; EspañaFil: Pericàs, Juan M.. Vall Dhebron University Hospital; EspañaFil: Martínez Herrera, Eliana. Universitat Pompeu Fabra; EspañaFil: Belvis Costes, Francesc. Universitat Pompeu Fabra; EspañaFil: Gutiérrez-Zamora Navarro, Mariana. Universitat Pompeu Fabra; EspañaFil: Benach, Joan. Universitat Pompeu Fabra; EspañaEuropean Population ConferenceGroningenPaíses BajosNetherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic InstituteUniversity of Groninge

Dental measurements and Bolton index reliability and accuracy obtained from 2D digital, 3D segmented CBCT, and 3d intraoral laser scanner

To compare the reliability and accuracy of direct and indirect dental measurements derived from two types of 3D virtual models: generated by intraoral laser scanning (ILS) and segmented cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), comparing these with a 2D digital model. One hundred patients were selected. All patients? records included initial plaster models, an intraoral scan and a CBCT. Patients´ dental arches were scanned with the iTero® intraoral scanner while the CBCTs were segmented to create three-dimensional models. To obtain 2D digital models, plaster models were scanned using a conventional 2D scanner. When digital models had been obtained using these three methods, direct dental measurements were measured and indirect measurements were calculated. Differences between methods were assessed by means of paired t-tests and regression models. Intra and inter-observer error were analyzed using Dahlberg´s d and coefficients of variation. Intraobserver and interobserver error for the ILS model was less than 0.44 mm while for segmented CBCT models, the error was less than 0.97 mm. ILS models provided statistically and clinically acceptable accuracy for all dental measurements, while CBCT models showed a tendency to underestimate measurements in the lower arch, although within the limits of clinical acceptability. ILS and CBCT segmented models are both reliable and accurate for dental measurements. Integration of ILS with CBCT scans would get dental and skeletal information altogether

A study on the reproducibility of cephalometric landmarks when undertaking a three-dimensional (3D) cephalometric analysis

Objectives: Cone Beam Computerized Tomography (CBCT) allows the possibility of modifying some of the diagnostic tools used in orthodontics, such as cephalometry. The first step must be to study the characteristics of these devices in terms of accuracy and reliability of the most commonly used landmarks. The aims were 1- To assess intra and inter-observer reliability in the location of anatomical landmarks belonging to hard tissues of the skull in images taken with a CBCT device, 2- To determine which of those landmarks are more vs. less reliable and 3- To introduce planes of reference so as to create cephalometric analyses appropriated to the 3D reality. Study design: Fifteen patients who had a CBCT (i-CAT®) as a diagnostic register were selected. To assess the reproducibility on landmark location and the differences in the measurements of two observers at different times, 41 landmarks were defined on the three spatial axes (X,Y,Z) and located. 3.690 measurements were taken and, as each determination has 3 coordinates, 11.070 data were processed with SPSS® statistical package. To discover the reproducibility of the method on landmark location, an ANOVA was undertaken using two variation factors: time (t1, t2 and t3) and observer (Ob1 and Ob2) for each axis (X, Y and Z) and landmark. The order of the CBCT scans submitted to the observers (Ob1, Ob2) at t1, t2, and t3, were different and randomly allocated. Multiple comparisons were undertaken using the Bonferroni test. The intra- and inter-examiner ICC ?s were calculated. Results: Intra- and inter-examiner reliability was high, both being ICC ? 0.99, with the best frequency on axis Z. Conclusions: The most reliable landmarks were: Nasion, Sella, Basion, left Porion, point A, anterior nasal spine, Pogonion, Gnathion, Menton, frontozygomatic sutures, first lower molars and upper and lower incisors. Those with less reliability were the supraorbitals, right zygion and posterior nasal spine

Mirroring the Zika epidemics in Cuba: The view from a European imported diseases clinic

Dear Editor, the changing epidemiology of Zika virus infection has been described before and in this letter we would like to show how the local epidemiology of Zika in Cuba is reflected in imported cases in returning travellers to Barcelona. The spread of the 2015 Zika epidemic was mostly reported in South America and the Caribbean. While increasing numbers of cases raised in South-America, Cuba was still free of cases. On 2nd March 2016 the first imported case from Cuba (Artemisa province) was reported. The first autochthonous case was reported on 16th March 2016 in La Habana. Onwards, cases were reported in Camagüey, Cienfuegos, Guantánamo, Havana and Santiago. During 2017 transmission has been reported in municipalities of Arroyo Naranjo and Regla in the province of Havana

Expanding the genetic spectrum of TUBB1-related thrombocytopenia

β1-Tubulin plays a major role in proplatelet formation and platelet shape maintenance, and pathogenic variants in TUBB1 lead to thrombocytopenia and platelet anisocytosis (TUBB1-RT). To date, the reported number of pedigrees with TUBB1-RT and of rare TUBB1 variants with experimental demonstration of pathogenicity is limited. Here, we report 9 unrelated families presenting with thrombocytopenia carrying 6 β1-tubulin variants, p.Cys12LeufsTer12, p.Thr107Pro, p.Gln423*, p.Arg359Trp, p.Gly109Glu, and p.Gly269Asp, the last of which novel. Segregation studies showed incomplete penetrance of these variants for platelet traits. Indeed, most carriers showed macrothrombocytopenia, some only increased platelet size, and a minority had no abnormalities. Moreover, only homozygous carriers of the p.Gly109Glu variant displayed macrothrombocytopenia, highlighting the importance of allele burden in the phenotypic expression of TUBB1-RT. The p.Arg359Trp, p.Gly269Asp, and p.Gly109Glu variants deranged β1-tubulin incorporation into the microtubular marginal ring in platelets but had a negligible effect on platelet activation, secretion, or spreading, suggesting that β1-tubulin is dispensable for these processes. Transfection of TUBB1 missense variants in CHO cells altered β1-tubulin incorporation into the microtubular network. In addition, TUBB1 variants markedly impaired proplatelet formation from peripheral blood CD34+ cell-derived megakaryocytes. Our study, using in vitro modeling, molecular characterization, and clinical investigations provides a deeper insight into the pathogenicity of rare TUBB1 variants. These novel data expand the genetic spectrum of TUBB1-RT and highlight a remarkable heterogeneity in its clinical presentation, indicating that allelic burden or combination with other genetic or environmental factors modulate the phenotypic impact of rare TUBB1 variants.This work was partially supported by grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) and Feder (PI17/01311, PI17/01966, PI20/00926 and CB15/00055), Fundacion Séneca (19873/ GERM/15), Gerencia Regional de Salud (GRS 2061A/19 and 1647/A/17), Fundacion Mutua Madrile´ña (AP172142019), and ~ Sociedad Espanola de Trombosis y Hemostasia (Premio L ~ opez Borrasca 2019 and Ayuda a Grupos de Trabajo en Patologıa Hemorragica). The authors’ research on inherited platelet disorders is conducted in accordance with the aims of the Functional and Molecular Characterization of Patients with Inherited Platelet Disorders Project, from Grupo Espanol de Alteraciones Plaqueta- ~ rias Congenitas, which is supported by the Spanish Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. V.P.-B. has a predoctoral contract from CIBERER. L.B. was supported by a fellowship from Fondazione Umberto Veronesi. M.E.d.l.M.-B. holds a postdoctoral fellowship from the University of Murcia. A.M.-Q. holds a predoctoral grant from the Junta de Castilla y Leon

Red de seguimiento del Grado en Criminología on line

La red tenía por objeto llevar a cabo un especial seguimiento del grupo on line del Grado en Criminología que se imparte en la titulación y para el que son necesarios esfuerzos de coordinación adicionales y métodos docentes específicos a la docencia no presencial. Así, la red ha constituido un espacio de reflexión sobre docencia no presencial, que ha dado como resultado la adopción e implementación de acciones de mejora

Chemotherapy or allogeneic transplantation in high-risk Philadelphia chromosome–negative adult lymphoblastic leukemia

The need for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in adults with Philadelphia chromosome–negative (Ph−) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with high-risk (HR) features and adequate measurable residual disease (MRD) clearance remains unclear. The aim of the ALL-HR-11 trial was to evaluate the outcomes of HR Ph− adult ALL patients following chemotherapy or allo-HSCT administered based on end-induction and consolidation MRD levels. Patients aged 15 to 60 years with HR-ALL in complete response (CR) and MRD levels (centrally assessed by 8-color flow cytometry) <0.1% after induction and <0.01% after early consolidation were assigned to receive delayed consolidation and maintenance therapy up to 2 years in CR. The remaining patients were allocated to allo-HSCT. CR was attained in 315/348 patients (91%), with MRD <0.1% after induction in 220/289 patients (76%). By intention-to-treat, 218 patients were assigned to chemotherapy and 106 to allo-HSCT. The 5-year (±95% confidence interval) cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR), overall survival (OS), and event-free survival probabilities for the whole series were 43% ± 7%, 49% ± 7%, and 40% ± 6%, respectively, with CIR and OS rates of 45% ± 8% and 59% ± 9% for patients assigned to chemotherapy and of 40% ± 12% and 38% ± 11% for those assigned to allo-HSCT, respectively. Our results show that avoiding allo-HSCT does not hamper the outcomes of HR Ph− adult ALL patients up to 60 years with adequate MRD response after induction and consolidation. Better postremission alternative therapies are especially needed for patients with poor MRD clearance